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Лекция 14

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Порядок слов Порядок слов в простом предложении: Инверсия – вынесение вперед наиболее важного в смысловом аспекте компонента предложения.

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Инверсия Fronting: negative adverbials limiting adverbials never, nowhere, hardly, rarely, seldom, nothing, not once, hardly ever, scarcely ever, not for nothing, only now, only once, no way, never once, only occasionally, on no account only rarely little, not only

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Инверсия Not only did his figure appear to have shrunk, but his discomfiture seemed to have extended itself even to his dress. Не только его фигура выглядела помятой, но даже одежда, казалось, носила следы его замешательства. Little did I think that this would be the prelude to the most crushing misfortune of my life. Я и не предполагал, что это событие окажется прелюдией к самому сокрушительному несчастью в моей жизни. Seldom have I seen such a remarkable creature. Мне не часто доводилось видеть столь удивительное существо.

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Инверсия Inversion after place adverbials: In Britain alone is selective state education reviled. Only in Britain is there segregation of pupils. In this street lived the first printers and stained-glass craftsmen. At the top of the hill stood the tiny chapel. Complement // Direct object: A funny language English is. An awful accident we saw on the way here.

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Pushing Information Forward It + be + spotlighted information + that / who … subject It was Julia who phoned us on Saturday. adverbial It was on Saturday that Julia phoned us. direct object It was us that Julia phoned on Saturday. indirect object Was it Mary (that) you gave the file to? subordinate It was in order to cheep up Julia that we clause phoned them

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Pushing Information Back dummy there + exist, remain, live, happen, come the information expressed by the subject is long and difficult to process.

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Subordinate Clauses Adverbial clauses (time & condition conjunction): Your daughter left before you woke up. Before you come in, please take off your shoes. Noun clauses (question words, predicative clauses): Whether I want to go out or not needn’t concern you. I’m sure (that) I had it earlier. The point I want to make is that (!) we’re in trouble. Relative clauses (relative pronouns): I’m working with students who appreciate what I do. Her husband died, which was the beginning of her depression.

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That clauses feelings: angry, disappointed, feelings, sensation I’m pleased (that) you were able to come. mental states: believe, convinced, determined I have a hunch (that) she will not come. necessity: crucial, essential, important I think it necessary (that) you (should) go there at once. fact or possibility: likely, probable, sure, true, fact, certainty, possibility. The fact was that he had forgotten about it.

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Compound Sentence but, and, for, or, nor, so, while Flower gardens are beautiful, but they are a lot of work. Some people prefer going to the theatre, while others will stay at home watching TV programmes. moreover, however, besides, yet, still, otherwise, therefore, in addition, on the other hand, as a result Carolyn has new boots; in addition, she has new gloves. Lawrence likes pumpkin pie; however, I prefer mince pie. During the storm, the lights went out; moreover, the telephone lines were damaged.