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Ancient Egyptian Architecture Lecture 2

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Module Outline Historical Background Location and period Social characteristics and beliefs Architecture of the Civilization Early Kingdom Tombs Middle and New Kingdom Burial Chambers

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Learning Outcomes The influence of geographical location on social life and architecture Architecture as a store of social history – Architecture of pyramids, tombs and temples – Evolution of architectural elements of column, beam, obelisk, wall relief and clerestory lighting Architectural principles emphasizing mass rather than space and linearity and axiality as organizing principles

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Location Located in Africa on the northern edge of the Sahara The Nile bisects through the land from the south to the north The Nile is a seasonal river that overflows its bank yearly to create a fertile valley The Ancient Egyptians lived in the fertile valley and grew their crops They buried their dead in the desert

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Period The history of ancient Egypt is divided into periods based on ruling dynasties Seven periods can be identified; 4500 to 2000 BC Early Dynastic 2350 – 2200 BC Old Kingdom 2000- 1600 BC First Intermediate period 1600 – 1717 BC Middle Kingdom 1350 – 612 BC Second Intermediate Period 612 – 539 BC New Kingdom 539 – 330 BC Greek-Roman Period

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Architectural Ideas – Ancient Egyptians viewed earthly dwellings as temporary – They paid little attention to house construction – The tomb was seen as a permanent dwelling for the afterlife – Tremendous effort was exerted in tomb construction – The mummified dead body was buried in a stone box called sarcophagus in the tomb

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Architectural Ideas They believed that a dead person needs all his worldly goods The tomb was usually packed with all the treasures of a dead person If anything cannot be provided, it is painted on the walls of the tomb

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necropolis Tombs also have charms to protect the dead person & his property The dead were buried in cities of the dead, called Necropolis located in the desert

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Burial architecture Tombs were most outstanding architectural element of the period Tombs also serve as the focus for the worship of the dead a bench-like structure over graves to create first burial structure is called Mastaba The Tomb evolved during the old kingdom from the Mastaba, through the stepped pyramid to the renown ancient Egyptian pyramid Above ground the Mastaba is a large bench of sun-baked bricks rising 9 meters high

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Mastaba Internally, a Mastaba consist of three parts- a burial chamber, a Serdab and a chapel The burial chamber was located 1m below ground It was connected to burial chamber above ground through a shaft The burial chamber is the place for the burial of the dead person

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Mastaba The Serdab and Chapel are located above ground The serdab is a room where the statue of the dead person is kept The statue acts as a substitute for body in case it is destroyed Mastaba served as an embryo for the evolution of the pyramid

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Stepped Pyramid King Zoser was the powerful pharaoh of the third dynasty of the old kingdom The stepped pyramid was built for king Zoser by Imhotep It was built as a funeral complex in the necropolis at Saqqara Imhotep initially conceived of the tomb as a large Mastaba of stone

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Stepped Pyramid Dissatisfaction with the result led to the stacking of mastaba one on top of another The result was the stepped pyramid with five sloping setbacks The stepped pyramid is the intermediate step between mastaba and geometric pyramid

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Stepped Pyramid Stepped pyramid was 200 feet high with 6 giant steps The burial chamber is entered from the north side and is 92 feet down On either side of the chamber are store rooms for the kings treasures All the treasures buried with Zoser have long been stolen A stone statue of Zoser was also recently found staring out through peep holes in his Serdab

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Stepped Pyramid The funeral complex consisted of palaces, temples and the stepped pyramid They were all surrounded by a fence wall 33 feet high

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Stepped Pyramid: fence wall The false doors were for the use of the pharaoh’s ka (soul)

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Stepped Pyramid The entrance door leads to a long hall having two rows of columns This is one of the first uses of columns in history The columns were designed to look like bundles of reeds and had flutes

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Stepped Pyramid In the north palace is also found stone columns with capitals They were designed to look like the papyrus plant Zosers funeral complex was designed as a model of his palace, city and kingdom The shape of the pyramid suggest a stairway to the sky to join the sun God Amon Ra

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Attempts at Pyramid Building King Huni made the first attempt at building a pure pyramid at Medun He constructed a seven stepped pyramid with a square plan and height of 90 meters and an angle of incline of 51 degrees The pyramid did not have a mortuary temple

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Attempts at Pyramid Building Pharaoh Snefru made two attempts at pyramid construction His first pyramid, the Bent pyramid at Dashur had a square plan with a height of 102 meters The pyramid had a change of angle midway leading to its being called the bent pyramid

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Attempts at Pyramid Building Snefru’s second pyramid, the north pyramid, is the place he was buried It had a low pitch of 43 degrees instead of 52 degrees making it look stunted A true pyramid has an incline angle of 52 degrees

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The Pyramids at Giza The construction of a true geometrical pyramid was achieved during the reign of Cheops, son of Snefru This was located at Giza This pyramid is called the Great Pyramid because of its size The pyramid is 482 ft high on a plan 760 ft square

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The Pyramids at Giza Two additional pyramids were subsequently built at Giza The second largest in the center was built by Chefren, the son of Cheops The third and smallest was built by Mykerinus, the son of Chefren The three together are referred to as the pyramids at Giza

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The Pyramids at Giza The three are aligned diagonally along the projection of the diagonal of the great pyramid The small pyramids close to them were built for their Queens

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The Great Pyramid of Cheops The great pyramid has a unique internal arrangement First it has a chamber built below the base of the pyramid Another chamber was built above it known as the queen’s chamber A larger burial chamber known as the king’s chamber was built at the center of the pyramid

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The pyramids were designed as part of a funeral complex for the burial of a pharaoh Chefren’s complex is the best preserved example The complex consist of three interconnected units:

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A valley temple by the river Nile where the pharaoh’s body was embalmed A pyramid mortuary temple for rituals A long narrow causeway connecting the two

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This temple had many small chapels each with false doors Many statues of the pharaoh were place in the temple so that his ka could come back each night After prayers to the God Osiris, the body was lowered through the secret opening on the north side to his burial chamber There he was laid in his stone Sarcophagus

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The Sphinx at Giza Located in Giza is the great Sphinx with the body of a lion and head of Chefren The reason for its construction is not clear A theory hold that it was produced from leftover material It may also have been carved to stand guard over the temple and tomb of Chefren

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Mid & New Kingdom Burial-Cham The Middle Kingdom began when pharaoh Mentuhotep united Egypt again after the first intermediate period During the middle kingdom, the practice of pyramid construction disappeared Focus in architectural development was however still on tombs and burial chambers Two categories of structures came into use- mortuary temples and underground tombs

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Mortuary Temple of Mentuhotep Two mortuary temples were built at Del al Bahari; mortuary temple of Mentuhotep and Hatshepsut Mentuhotep was the first Pharaoh of the middle kingdom He built the first mortuary temple at Del-al Bahari

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Mortuary Temple of Mentuhotep Entrance to the real tomb is found at the rear from the western courtyard The burial tomb is accessible through a ramp leading down at the center of the court yard Just like the pyramid funeral complexes, the temple of Mentuhotep also has a causeway leading to a valley temple

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Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut The temple of Mentuhotep served as a model in the design of her temple Her extraordinary funeral temple located at Del-Al-Bahari, is set against the background of the cliffs The architect of her temple is believed to be Senmut who is also buried in the temple

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Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut The temple of Hatshepsut is like a giant stage on three levels Each of the three levels was connected by a ramp On the top level is her chapel dedicated to the goddess Hathor The chapel was dug out of the rock cliff Her temple captures the shift from the compact geometry of the old kingdom pyramids to the linear composition of the New Kingdom temples

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Underground Tomb- Rock Cut Tomb Two types of Underground tombs were built by pharaohs and nobles during the Middle and New Kingdom periods- Rock cut tombs and Shaft tombs Rock cut tombs are tombs that are carved out of rocks Many of theses are found along the cliff of the Nile A very good example is the Rock cut tomb at Beni Hassan

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Underground Tomb- Rock Cut Tomb Beni Hassan consist of 3 elements: A colonnade entrance portico for public worship Behind the portico, a chamber or hall with columns supporting the roof serving as a chapel A small recess towards the back of the chapel where the person is buried

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Underground Tomb- Rock Cut Tomb The columns on the exterior were shaped like a prism with 8 or 16 sides The columns in the interior were designed as a bundle of reed tied together by rope

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Underground Tomb- Shaft Tombs Shaft tombs were a complex series of underground corridors and rooms cut out of the mountains in the valley of the King at Del-Al-Bahari The large number of rooms and their complicated arrangement is deliberately done to create a maze or puzzle