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Changes in Consonant Quality Changes in the Standard

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1. Voicing and devoicing Initial lenis [b, d, g] – partially devoiced. Final lenis [b, d, g] – voiceless. [t] in the intervocalic position is voiced. [‘betə] – [‘bedə]

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2. Loss of [h] In rapid speech the initial [h] is lost in form words and tends to die out from the language. [i wɒnts ɜ tə kʌm] No loss of [h] in stressed syllables!

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3. Initial “hw” Wh-words are pronounced with an initial breath-like sound [ʍ] instead of [w]. what – [ʍɒt], why – [ʍaı]

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4. Loss of final [ŋ] [ın] instead of [ıŋ] at the ending of a word. waitin’ – [‘weıtın]

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5. Spread of “dark” [ł] This tendency is influenced by the American pronunciation. [bɪ’li:v] – [bɪ’łi:v] Sometimes [l] becomes vocalized. [‘mɪok]

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6. Glottal stop It can appear only in two cases: as a realization of syllable-final [t]: [dəpɑːʔmn̩t] in certain consonant clusters (“glottal reinforcements”).

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7. Palatalized final [k’] It is often heard in such words as [wi:k’], [kwık’]

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8. Linking and intrusive [r] Linking “r” – an orthographic “r” pronounced word-finally before a vowel. summer͜ activities Intrusive “r” – the sound “r” inserted before a following vowel even though there is no “r” in spelling. I saw-r-a film today

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9. Combinative changes [tj, dj, sj] → [ʧ, ʤ, ʃ] [‘æktjʋəl] → [‘ækʧʋəl] In the clusters of two stops, where the loss of plosion is usually observed, each sound is pronounced with audible release. [‘æk-tıv] [j] is lost following [l, s, z, n]. [nu:z]

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10. Elision, reduction, assimilation This tendency is reflected in the pronunciation of the young generation. have to [‘həftə], perhaps you [pə’hæpʃu:], can [kn], etc.