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Lymphatic/Hematopoetic System IPM 2 Scott E. Smith M.D., Ph.D. 12-10-02

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Objectives Student should be able to … describe location, size, consistency, and other attributes of lymphadenopathy identify common clinical scenarios involving lymphadenopathy identify the signs and symptoms of anemia define the signs and symptoms of bleeding and coagulation disorders

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Overview This is a short lecture! A major goal is to synthesize the lymphatic system as a whole…lymph node regions have been discussed individually by specific site…i.e., head, neck, and abdomen, but not put together for systemic illness such as lymphoma. We will also discuss the signs and symptoms of anemias, leukemias, bleeding disorders, and coagulation disorders

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Lymphatic System

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Lymph Node Examination Head/neck Axillary Inguinal/femoral

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Head and Neck Nodes Preauricular Posterior auricular Occipital Tonsillar Submandibular Submental Superficial cervical Posterior cervical Deep cervical Supraclavicular

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Axillary A pectoral (anterior) L lateral P posterior C central Ap apical

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Inguinal/ Femoral Horizontal group Vertical group

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Descriptors of Lymphadenopathy Location…obvious Mobility Size Texture Shape Tender/non-tender Associated erythema or warmth…signs of inflammation

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Spleen Left upper quadrant Palpation most specific for detecting enlarged spleen (89-99% specificity) Spleen palpable to umbilicus is suggestive of hematologic pathology Percussion is non-sensitive (dullness in Traube’s space) but can be specific in non-obese patients

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Case 28 yo man presents with c/o fevers, night sweats and 30 pound weight loss. He develops pruritis when he showers. He also has noted some enlarged “glands” in his neck and armpits. On lymphatic exam he has the following:

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Case painless lymphadenopathy in anterior axilla and anterior cervical as well as supraclavicular areas bilaterally. Lymph nodes are not tender, freely mobile and no associated inflammation. They are ovoid (grape-shaped) and measure 2 x 3 cm. There is no splenomegaly by palpation or percussion.

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Differential Diagnosis Lymphoma Infection Cancer—metastatic Granulomatous disease

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Anemia- Signs/Symptoms Dyspnea on exertion Palpitations Angina pectoris Intermittent claudication Headache

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Anemia Blood loss Hemolysis/sequestration Deficiencies Decreased production

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Symptoms Symptoms based on acuity of HgB drop Acute blood loss usually creates rapid onset of symptoms Slow drop in HgB may lead to fewer symptoms

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Anemia of Acute Blood Loss Trauma or GI tract loss most common Menstrual/vaginal loss Urinary tract Nosebleeds leading to anemia, but not because of it! Tachycardia and hypotension are common findings History helps the most for these

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Hemolysis and Sequestration Causes for hemolytic anemias include: Autoimmune Drug induced Cell membrane disorders Hereditary Splenomegaly can lead to sequestration of blood cells

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Scleral Icterus Yellow sclera Can be seen in hemolysis

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Deficiencies Iron deficiency anemia is most common worldwide and in US-spoon nails and pica Megaloblastic anemias caused by B12 or folate deficiencies-paresthesias and diarrhea Smooth tongue/glossitis

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Koilonychia (spoon nails)

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Smooth Tongue/Glossitis

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Signs and Symptoms of Coagulation Disorders Bleeding Ecchymoses Petechiae Hemarthroses Hematomas

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Platelets versus Coags Petechiae—platelets low or dysfunctional Ecchymoses, hematomas, hemarthroses—seen more frequently with low clotting factors or dysfunction Bleeding can be seen with either