🗊Презентация Radiation Biophysics

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Radiation Biophysics, слайд №1
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Radiation Biophysics Dr. A. Ruhi Soylu
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Radiation Biophysics Dr. A. Ruhi Soylu

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Radiation Radiation biophysics is shortly ‘physics and chemistry of radiation and its effects on biological systems’ In physics, radiation is a process in which energetic particles or energetic waves travel through a vacuum, or through matter-containing media that are not required for their propagation. Two energies of radiation are commonly differentiated by the way they interact with normal chemical matter: ionizing and non-ionizing radiation.
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Radiation Radiation biophysics is shortly ‘physics and chemistry of radiation and its effects on biological systems’ In physics, radiation is a process in which energetic particles or energetic waves travel through a vacuum, or through matter-containing media that are not required for their propagation. Two energies of radiation are commonly differentiated by the way they interact with normal chemical matter: ionizing and non-ionizing radiation.

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But, The word radiation is often informally used in reference to ionizing radiation (i.e., radiation having sufficient energy to ionize an atom), Simply, the term radiation may correctly also refer to non-ionizing radiation (e.g., radio waves, heat or visible light). Don’t forget: the particles or waves radiate (i.e., travel outward in all directions) from a source.
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But, The word radiation is often informally used in reference to ionizing radiation (i.e., radiation having sufficient energy to ionize an atom), Simply, the term radiation may correctly also refer to non-ionizing radiation (e.g., radio waves, heat or visible light). Don’t forget: the particles or waves radiate (i.e., travel outward in all directions) from a source.

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References Edward L. Alpen, Radiation Biophysics, 2nd Edition, Academic Press, 1998 Max H. Lombardi, Radiation Safety in Nuclear Medicine, CRC Press LLC, 1999 http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/radiationionizing/introtoionizing/ionizinghandout.html
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References Edward L. Alpen, Radiation Biophysics, 2nd Edition, Academic Press, 1998 Max H. Lombardi, Radiation Safety in Nuclear Medicine, CRC Press LLC, 1999 http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/radiationionizing/introtoionizing/ionizinghandout.html

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Topics of the lecture Electromagnetic (EM) waves Structure of atom Sources of radiation and radioactivity Interaction of particles with matter Interaction of EM waves with matter Units and measurement Basic shielding concepts & radiation protection
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Topics of the lecture Electromagnetic (EM) waves Structure of atom Sources of radiation and radioactivity Interaction of particles with matter Interaction of EM waves with matter Units and measurement Basic shielding concepts & radiation protection

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Some examples for radiation source in hospitals Radiology X-Ray CT Nuclear Medicine PET Radioactive substances which emit particles and Gamma rays Radiation Oncology X-Ray, Gamma Rays, radioactive substances Cardiology Fluoroscopy, Angiography etc.
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Some examples for radiation source in hospitals Radiology X-Ray CT Nuclear Medicine PET Radioactive substances which emit particles and Gamma rays Radiation Oncology X-Ray, Gamma Rays, radioactive substances Cardiology Fluoroscopy, Angiography etc.

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Some examples for radiation source in hospitals Radiology X-Ray films: X-Ray attenuation CT (=Computerized Tomography): X-Ray attenuation Nuclear Medicine PET (=Positron Emission Tomography): Pozitrons, Gamma rays Radioactive substances which emit particles and Gamma rays Radiation Oncology X-Ray, Gamma Rays, radioactive substances Cardiology, Gastroenterology, Urology etc. Fluoroscopy: an imaging technique that uses X-rays to obtain real-time moving images of the internal structures of a patient through the use of a fluoroscope Angiography: the technique that uses X-rays to obtain images of blood vessels
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Some examples for radiation source in hospitals Radiology X-Ray films: X-Ray attenuation CT (=Computerized Tomography): X-Ray attenuation Nuclear Medicine PET (=Positron Emission Tomography): Pozitrons, Gamma rays Radioactive substances which emit particles and Gamma rays Radiation Oncology X-Ray, Gamma Rays, radioactive substances Cardiology, Gastroenterology, Urology etc. Fluoroscopy: an imaging technique that uses X-rays to obtain real-time moving images of the internal structures of a patient through the use of a fluoroscope Angiography: the technique that uses X-rays to obtain images of blood vessels

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X-Ray CT Fluoroscopy PET
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X-Ray CT Fluoroscopy PET

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Electromagnetic (EM) Waves Electromagnetic waves are formed when there is a continuing process of an electric field developing a magnetic field and vice versa. An electromagnetic wave has both, electric as well as magnetic components. E, B and ‘propagation direction vector’ are perpendicular to each other.
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Electromagnetic (EM) Waves Electromagnetic waves are formed when there is a continuing process of an electric field developing a magnetic field and vice versa. An electromagnetic wave has both, electric as well as magnetic components. E, B and ‘propagation direction vector’ are perpendicular to each other.

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Electromagnetic (EM) Waves In physics, the term light sometimes refers to electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength. Photon: basic unit of EM waves. 5 primary properties of EM Waves are intensity, frequency or wavelength, polarization, Phase, etc.
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Electromagnetic (EM) Waves In physics, the term light sometimes refers to electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength. Photon: basic unit of EM waves. 5 primary properties of EM Waves are intensity, frequency or wavelength, polarization, Phase, etc.

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EM waves: Polarization
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EM waves: Polarization

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EM waves: frequency, intensity Intensity and Energy c=λ.f (speed of light=wavelength x frequency), c=~300 Km/s E=h.f=h.c/f E: energy of a photon, h:planck constant, 6.626068 × 10-34 J.s
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EM waves: frequency, intensity Intensity and Energy c=λ.f (speed of light=wavelength x frequency), c=~300 Km/s E=h.f=h.c/f E: energy of a photon, h:planck constant, 6.626068 × 10-34 J.s

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EM Spectrum
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EM Spectrum

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EM Spectrum
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EM Spectrum

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EM Spectrum
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EM Spectrum

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Radioactive materials Radioactive materials are substances which spontaneously emit various combinations of ionizing particles (alpha and beta, ..) and  gamma rays of ionizing radiation to become more stable. This process is called radioactive decay. Radioisotopes are isotopes (same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons) which are radioactive.
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Radioactive materials Radioactive materials are substances which spontaneously emit various combinations of ionizing particles (alpha and beta, ..) and  gamma rays of ionizing radiation to become more stable. This process is called radioactive decay. Radioisotopes are isotopes (same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons) which are radioactive.

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Radioactive Decay Particle Alpha Beta (B+, B-, Electron capture) Series Decay: Radioactive parent decays to a "daughter" which may also be radioactive, therefore, is also simultaneously decaying. Resulting exposure is to the combination of both decays (and possibly additional daughters). Ex.: Radon EM waves X-Ray Gamma Rays
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Radioactive Decay Particle Alpha Beta (B+, B-, Electron capture) Series Decay: Radioactive parent decays to a "daughter" which may also be radioactive, therefore, is also simultaneously decaying. Resulting exposure is to the combination of both decays (and possibly additional daughters). Ex.: Radon EM waves X-Ray Gamma Rays

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QUANTIFICATION OF RADIATION Quantifying Radioactive Decay Curie (Ci): Ci is a non-SI unit of radioactivity, named after Marie and Pierre Curie. It is defined as 1 Ci = 3.7 × 1010 decays per second. Becquerel (Bq): One Bq is defined as the activity of a quantity of radioactive material in which one nucleus decays per second. The Bq unit is therefore equivalent to an inverse second, s−1. Quantifying Exposure and Dose - Diagnostic purpose (roentgen, R) - Treatment purpose (radiation absorbed dose , rad; gray) - Protection (roentgen equivalent in man, rem; sievert)
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QUANTIFICATION OF RADIATION Quantifying Radioactive Decay Curie (Ci): Ci is a non-SI unit of radioactivity, named after Marie and Pierre Curie. It is defined as 1 Ci = 3.7 × 1010 decays per second. Becquerel (Bq): One Bq is defined as the activity of a quantity of radioactive material in which one nucleus decays per second. The Bq unit is therefore equivalent to an inverse second, s−1. Quantifying Exposure and Dose - Diagnostic purpose (roentgen, R) - Treatment purpose (radiation absorbed dose , rad; gray) - Protection (roentgen equivalent in man, rem; sievert)

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Formulas for half-life in exponential decay
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Formulas for half-life in exponential decay

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Excitation
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Excitation

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Ionization
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Ionization

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Bremsstrahlung radiation
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Bremsstrahlung radiation

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Beta interaction with matter
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Beta interaction with matter

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Importance of bremsstrahlung X rays in radiation safety practice
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Importance of bremsstrahlung X rays in radiation safety practice

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Penetrating power of radiation
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Penetrating power of radiation

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