🗊Презентация Session 6

Theory of International Relations Anastasiia TSYBULIAK

Session 5 States

The State and the Nation 4 fundamental conditions: 1. A state must have a territorial base, geographically defined boundaries. 2. Within its borders, a stable population must reside. 3. There should be a government to which this population owes allegiance. 4. A state has to be recognized diplomatically by other states.

The State and the Nation The definition of a state differs from that of a nation. A nation is a group of people who share a set of characteristics.

IR and the Changing Contemporary World of States

IR and the Changing Contemporary World of States 2. The state viewed as a substantial political-economic organization

IR and the Changing Contemporary World of States The global state system

New Patterns of War and Peace: Changes in Statehood

Economic coercion Mugabe’s expropriation of the lands of white farmers Stalin’s ‘collectivization’ of agriculture in the 1930s the rather ruthless exploitation of state control over the economy in countries such as North Korea and Belarus

Economic coercion

The epitome of the coercive state Once in control of the state machine, the military, and the police, the typical coercive state tends to arrogate all power to itself and to use any available means to maintain its monopoly Political opponents who are seen as potentially dangerous will be either killed or incarcerated in solitary confinement The typical coercive state of the early 21st century is not a one-party regime.

The debate on totalitarianism The most influential work in the concept and theory of totalitarianism is Hannah Arendt’s The Origins of Totalitarianism (1958) The most persuasive and powerful theory of the origins of totalitarianism. In an influential study, which was originally published five years after Arendt’s, Carl Friedrich and Zbigniew Brzezinski identify the following key characteristics of a totalitarian system: A totalitarian ideology professing to be universal in its applicability and a ‘true’ theory to govern the life of the individual and the state; A single mass party under the leadership of the dictatorship; A system of state terror in which the key instrument is the secret police; Total control over communications; A monopoly of control of the military and military armaments; and Centralized control over the economy.

The proper use of force in the liberal state

The proper use of force in the liberal state In the case of external attack the normal agency of the state responsible for defense is the armed forces, and in a democracy both government and citizens will expect these defense forces to use whatever force is required to repel attack and defeat the enemy. Moreover it is a cardinal and long-standing principle of democratic government that the armed services should be firmly under ultimate civil control by the democratically responsible government. In all liberal democracies the army is regarded as the last line of defense against internal disorders, and various constitutional and legal formulas exist to invoke their aid to the civil power in severe disturbances and emergencies. However, whatever the balance of forces deployed by the state to deal with internal violence, there are certain basic principles which must govern the use of such force by the liberal state.

The proper use of force in the liberal state Democracies have no magical immunity against such cancerous growths, and their citizens and political leaders have a duty to ensure that police and security services operate within the constitution and the law. The other major principle governing the right use of force by the liberal state is the doctrine of minimal force. The essential principle can also be applied to armed response and armed violence.

Weak, failed, and quasi-states Many of the countries that fall into this category are in Africa where in all cases political and economic crises have been deepened by the tragic HIV/Aids epidemic: Congo-Brazzaville, Zimbabwe, and Eritrea are among the ten countries in the world with the highest number of AIDS cases per 100,000 of the population. The term quasi-states is a more appropriate designation for these states which enjoy the status and symbols of independent statehood but which patently lack the political will and basic capacity for effective governance required to deliver the basic socio-economic needs and security required by their citizens.

The role of the individual and the state The emergence of French hegemony in 17th-century Europe - Cardinal de Richelieu (1585–1642) - Chief Minister to Louis XIII of France Georges ‘Tiger’ Clemenceau, Premier of France 1917–20 - Allied victory in the First World War; the shaping of the Treaty of Versailles British struggle to defeat Hitler - the key role of Winston Churchill as wartime Prime Minister Hitler, Joseph Stalin, Mao Tse-Tung

Recommended Literature Karen A. Mingst, Ivan M. Arreguin-Toft. Essentials of International Relations. 5th Ed. 2010: New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0393935295 Robert Jackson, Georg Sorensen. Introduction to International Relations: Theories and Approaches. 4th edition, 2010: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199548842 Paul Wilkinson. International Relations: A Very Short Introduction (Very Short Introductions). 1st edition. 2007: Oxford Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0192801579

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