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Thinking About Psychology The Science of Mind and Behavior 3e

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Social Context Domain

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Social Psychology

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Social Thinking and Social Influence Module 18

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Module Overview Social Thinking Social Influence

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Social Psychology The scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.

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Social Thinking Module 18: Social Thinking and Social Influence

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Social Thinking: Attributing Behavior to Personal Disposition or the Situation Module 18: Social Thinking and Social Influence

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Attribution Theory The theory that we tend to explain the behavior of others as an aspect of either an internal disposition (an inner trait) or the situation.

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Situational Disposition Attributing someone’s actions to the various factors in the situation

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Dispositional Attribution Attributing someone’s actions to the person’s disposition, i.e. their thoughts, feelings, personality characteristics, etc.

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Situational Attribution

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Situational Attribution

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Situational Attribution

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Dispositional Attribution

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Dispositional Attribution

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Dispositional Attribution

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Attribution

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Fundamental Attribution Error The tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal disposition rather than to situations. People tend to blame or credit the person more than the situation

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Self-Serving Bias A readiness to perceive oneself favorably.

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Social Influence Module 18: Social Thinking and Social Influence

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Social Thinking: Attitudes and Actions Module 18: Social Thinking and Social Influence

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Attitude The belief and feeling that predisposes someone to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

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Attitudes Affecting Actions Many studies suggest a person’s attitudes do not match their actions Attitudes can predict behavior if: Outside influences are minimal People are aware of their attitudes Attitude is relevant to behavior

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Attitudes Affecting Actions

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Actions Affecting Attitudes Under some circumstances one’s actions can influence attitudes. They include: Foot-in-the-door phenomenon Role playing Cognitive dissonance

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Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

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Role A set of expectations in a social setting that define how one ought to behave.

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Role Playing Playing a role can influence or change one’s attitude Zimbardo’s Prison Study College students played the role of guard or prisoner in a simulated prison. The study was ended when the guards became too aggressive and cruel.

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Zimbardo’s Prison Study College students played the role of guard or prisoner in a simulated prison. The study was ended when the guards became too aggressive and cruel.

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Cognitive Dissonance Theory The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. When our attitudes are inconsistent with our actions, we change our attitudes to reduce the dissonance.

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Cognitive Dissonance Theory

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Cognitive Dissonance Theory

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Cognitive Dissonance Theory

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Cognitive Dissonance Theory

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Social Influence Module 18: Social Thinking and Social Influence

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Social Influence: Conformity and Obedience Module 18: Social Thinking and Social Influence

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Conformity Adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

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Solomon Asch (1907-1996) Social psychologist who researched the circumstances under which people conform.

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Asch’s Conformity Study

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Factors Increasing Conformity The person feels incompetent or insecure. The group has three or more people. The rest of the group is unanimous. The person is impressed by the status of the group. No prior commitments were made. The group is observing the person respond. One’s culture encourages conformity.

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Stanley Milgram (1933-1984) Social psychologist who researched obedience to authority.

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Obedience The tendency to comply with orders, implied or real, from someone perceived as an authority.

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Milgram’s Obedience to Authority

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Milgram’s Obedience to Authority (Data from Milgram, 1974)

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Milgram’s Obedience to Authority

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Social Influence: Group Influence Module 18: Social Thinking and Social Influence

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Social Facilitation Improved performance of tasks in the presence of others. Occurs with simple or well learned tasks but not with tasks that are difficult or not yet learned

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Social Facilitation

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Social Loafing The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. People may be less accountable in a group, or they may think their efforts aren’t needed.

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Deindividuation The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. People lose their sense of responsibility when in a group.

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Social Influence: Group Influence – Our Behavior in the Presence of Others Module 18: Social Thinking and Social Influence

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Social Influence: Group Influence – Group Interaction Effects Module 18: Social Thinking and Social Influence

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Group Polarization Enhancement of a group’s already existing attitudes through discussion within the group.

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Groupthink The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision- making group overrides a realistic appraisal of the alternatives.

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Social Influence: Our Power as Individuals Module 18: Social Thinking and Social Influence

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Self-Fulfilling Prophecies When we believe something to be true about others (or ourselves) and we act in ways that cause this belief to come true.

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Minority Influence Minority groups can influence the majority Minority groups must be firm in their conviction

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The End

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Teacher Information Types of Files This presentation has been saved as a “basic” Powerpoint file. While this file format placed a few limitations on the presentation, it insured the file would be compatible with the many versions of Powerpoint teachers use. To add functionality to the presentation, teachers may want to save the file for their specific version of Powerpoint. Animation Once again, to insure compatibility with all versions of Powerpoint, none of the slides are animated. To increase student interest, it is suggested teachers animate the slides wherever possible. Adding slides to this presentation Teachers are encouraged to adapt this presentation to their personal teaching style. To help keep a sense of continuity, blank slides which can be copied and pasted to a specific location in the presentation follow this “Teacher Information” section.

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Teacher Information Domain Coding Just as the textbook is organized around the APA National Standards, these Powerpoints are coded to those same standards. Included at the top of almost every slide is a small stripe, color coded to the APA National Standards. Scientific Inquiry Domain Biopsychology Domain Development and Learning Domain Social Context Domain Cognition Domain Individual Variation Domain Applications of Psychological Science Domain Key Terms and Definitions in Red To emphasize their importance, all key terms from the text and their definitions are printed in red. To maintain consistency, the definitions on the Powerpoint slides are identical to those in the textbook.

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Teacher Information Hyperlink Slides - Immediately after the unit title slide, a page (usually slide #4 or #5) can be found listing all of the module’s subsections. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of these hyperlinks will take the user directly to the beginning of that subsection. This allows teachers quick access to each subsection. Continuity slides - Throughout this presentations there are slides, usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes. By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts. By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation. To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to think about “what might come next” in the series of slides. Please feel free to contact me at korek@germantown.k12.wi.us with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations. Kent Korek Germantown High School Germantown, WI 53022