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Слайды и текст этой презентации

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COST-VOLUME-PROFIT (CVP) ANALYSIS Accountancy 2203 Review Workshop Sindhu Bala

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COST-VOLUME-PROFIT (CVP) ANALYSIS CVP analysis examines the interaction of a firm’s sales volume, selling price, cost structure, and profitability. It is a powerful tool in making managerial decisions including marketing, production, investment, and financing decisions. How many units of its products must a firm sell to break even? How many units of its products must a firm sell to earn a certain amount of profit? Should a firm invest in highly automated machinery and reduce its labor force? Should a firm advertise more to improve its sales?

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One Product Cost-Volume-Profit Model Net Income (NI) = Total Revenue – Total Cost Total Revenue = Selling Price Per Unit (P) * Number of Units Sold (X) Total Cost = Total Variable Cost + Total Fixed Cost (F) Total Variable Cost = Variable Cost Per Unit (V) * Number of Units Sold (X) NI = P X – V X – F NI = X (P – V) – F

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CVP Model – Assumptions Key assumptions of CVP model Selling price is constant Costs are linear and can be divided into variable and fixed elements. In multi-product companies, sales mix is constant In manufacturing companies, inventories do not change.

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Contribution Margin Ratio Or, in terms of units, the contribution margin ratio is: For Racing Bicycle Company the ratio is:

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Changes in Fixed Costs and Sales Volume What is the profit impact if Chocolate Co. can increase unit sales from 12000 to 13000 by increasing the monthly advertising budget by 5,000? (1000 x 4 CM) - $5,000 = -$1,000

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Change in Variable Costs and Sales Volume

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Change in Fixed Cost, Sales Price and Volume

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Break-Even Analysis Break-even analysis can be approached in two ways: Equation method Contribution margin method

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Equation Method

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Equation Method

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Equation Method We calculate the break-even point as follows:

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Equation Method The equation can be modified to calculate the break-even point in sales dollars.

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Equation Method

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Contribution Margin Method The contribution margin method has two key equations.

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Contribution Margin Method Let’s use the contribution margin method to calculate the break-even point in total sales dollars at Racing.

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Target Profit Analysis The equation and contribution margin methods can be used to determine the sales volume needed to achieve a target profit. Suppose Chocolate Co. wants to know how many bikes must be sold to earn a profit of $50,000.

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The CVP Equation Method

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The Contribution Margin Approach The contribution margin method can be used to determine that 900 bikes must be sold to earn the target profit of $100,000.

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The Margin of Safety The margin of safety is the excess of budgeted (or actual) sales over the break-even volume of sales.

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Multi-Product CVP Model

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Multi-Product CVP Model - Example Example: Suppose FC = $200,000; P1 = $5; V1 = $2; P2 = $10; V2 = $6. Find all the breakeven points. NI = (P1 – V1)X1 + (P2 – V2)X2 – FC 0 = (5 - 2)X1 + (10 - 6)X2 – 200,000 0 = 3X1 + 4X2 – 200,000 We get 1 equation and 2 unknowns

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Multi-Product CVP Model - Example Any point on the line is a possible combination of X1 and X2 We need more information to solve the BE point

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Multi-Product CVP Model - Example Suppose the firm produces and sells the same number of the two products. Find the breakeven point. Let X = X1 = X2 So 0=3X +4X - $200,000 0 = 7 X – $200,000 X = $200,000 / 7 ≈ 28,572 units

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Multi-Product CVP Model

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Operating Leverage

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Operating Leverage - Example Calculate Extreme’s degree of operating leverage DOL = $200,000 / $40,000 = 5 Calculate Extreme’s operating income, if Extreme achieves a 20% increase in its sales 20% * 5 = 100% increase in NI $40,000 * 100% = $40,000 New NI = $40,000 + $40,000 = $80,000

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Operating Leverage - Example Sales $600,000 VC 360,000 CM 240,000 FC 160,000 NI $ 80,000

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Operating Leverage - Example Calculate Extreme’s operating income, if Extreme experiences a drop of 30% in its sales -30% * 5 = -150% $40,000 * -150% = -$60,000 New NI = $40,000 – $60,000 = -$20,000

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Operating Leverage - Example Sales $350,000 VC 210,000 CM 140,000 FC 160,000 NI $ (20,000)

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Review Problem: CVP Relationships Voltar Company manufactures and sells a specialized cordless telephone for high electromagnetic radiation environments. The company's contribution format income statement for the most recent year is given below: Required: Compute the company's CM ratio and variable expense ratio. Compute the company's break-even point in both units and sales dollars. Use the equation method. Assume that sales increase by $400,000 next year. If cost behavior patterns remain unchanged, by how much will the company's net operating income increase? Use the CM ratio to compute your answer. Refer to the original data. Assume that next year management wants the company to earn a profit of at least $90,000. How many units will have to be sold to meet this target profit? Refer to the original data. Compute the company's margin of safety in both dollar and percentage form.

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Assume that sales increase by $400,000 next year. If cost behavior patterns remain unchanged, by how much will the company's net operating income increase? Use the CM ratio to compute your answer. Increase in sales $400,000 CMR 25% Increase in NOI $100,000 Refer to the original data. Assume that next year management wants the company to earn a profit of at least $90,000. How many units will have to be sold to meet this target profit? (240,000 + 90,000)/15 = 22,000 units Refer to the original data. Compute the company's margin of safety in both dollar and percentage form. Margin of safety = 1,200,000 – 960,000 = $240,000 or 20%

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Assume that through a more intense effort by the sales staff, the company's sales increase by 8% next year. By what percentage would you expect net operating income to increase? Use the degree of operating leverage to obtain your answer. 5 * 8% = 40% Verify your answer to (b) by preparing a new contribution format income statement showing an 8% increase in sales.

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Sales $1,296,000 VC 972,000 CM 324,000 FC 240,000 NOI $84,000 40% increase

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Review Problem: CVP Relationships Voltar Company manufactures and sells a specialized cordless telephone for high electromagnetic radiation environments. The company's contribution format income statement for the most recent year is given below: In an effort to increase sales and profits, management is considering the use of a higher-quality speaker. The higher-quality speaker would increase variable costs by $3 per unit, but management could eliminate one quality inspector who is paid a salary of $30,000 per year. The sales manager estimates that the higher-quality speaker would increase annual sales by at least 20%. Assuming that changes are made as described above, prepare a projected contribution format income statement for next year. Show data on a total, per unit, and percentage basis.

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Compute the company's new break-even point in both units and dollars of sales. Use the contribution margin method. BE units = FC/ CM per unit = 210,000/ 12 = 17,500 units 17,500 * 60 = $1,050,000 Would you recommend that the changes be made? Margin of safety = 1,440,000 – 1,050,000 = $390,000. Yes.