🗊Презентация Getting your data: Sources and samples

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Getting your data: Sources and samples, слайд №1Getting your data: Sources and samples, слайд №2Getting your data: Sources and samples, слайд №3Getting your data: Sources and samples, слайд №4Getting your data: Sources and samples, слайд №5Getting your data: Sources and samples, слайд №6Getting your data: Sources and samples, слайд №7Getting your data: Sources and samples, слайд №8Getting your data: Sources and samples, слайд №9Getting your data: Sources and samples, слайд №10Getting your data: Sources and samples, слайд №11Getting your data: Sources and samples, слайд №12Getting your data: Sources and samples, слайд №13Getting your data: Sources and samples, слайд №14Getting your data: Sources and samples, слайд №15Getting your data: Sources and samples, слайд №16Getting your data: Sources and samples, слайд №17Getting your data: Sources and samples, слайд №18Getting your data: Sources and samples, слайд №19Getting your data: Sources and samples, слайд №20Getting your data: Sources and samples, слайд №21Getting your data: Sources and samples, слайд №22Getting your data: Sources and samples, слайд №23Getting your data: Sources and samples, слайд №24Getting your data: Sources and samples, слайд №25Getting your data: Sources and samples, слайд №26Getting your data: Sources and samples, слайд №27Getting your data: Sources and samples, слайд №28Getting your data: Sources and samples, слайд №29Getting your data: Sources and samples, слайд №30Getting your data: Sources and samples, слайд №31
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Getting your data: Sources and samples
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Getting your data: Sources and samples

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Sources of psychological data and Data collection methods Data sources
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Sources of psychological data and Data collection methods Data sources

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Why experiment is not a method of data collection?
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Why experiment is not a method of data collection?

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Data collection exercise - 15 mins - In groups of 4 think of a Research Question/ Hypothesis What type of data is the most suitable for your RQ or H? What data collection method is the most suitable? WHY?
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Data collection exercise - 15 mins - In groups of 4 think of a Research Question/ Hypothesis What type of data is the most suitable for your RQ or H? What data collection method is the most suitable? WHY?

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Sample
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Sample

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Sample and distribution What is distribution?
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Sample and distribution What is distribution?

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Descriptive statistics…
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Descriptive statistics…

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Exercise A survey of 20 students was conducted to find out how many books they had read during the past three months (including books for school). The results from those 20 students are shown below. Find the mean, median, and mode for this data. 2, 4, 5, 1, 3, 2, 5, 6, 1, 2, 4, 3, 6, 10, 12, 10, 2, 8, 6, 7 Answers: Mean = 4.95. Median = 4.5 Mode = 2.
Описание слайда:
Exercise A survey of 20 students was conducted to find out how many books they had read during the past three months (including books for school). The results from those 20 students are shown below. Find the mean, median, and mode for this data. 2, 4, 5, 1, 3, 2, 5, 6, 1, 2, 4, 3, 6, 10, 12, 10, 2, 8, 6, 7 Answers: Mean = 4.95. Median = 4.5 Mode = 2.

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Normal distribution Properties of any theoretical normal distribution: 1) The curve never approaches horizontal axis. 2) Symmetrical around the mean. 3) Skewness = 0 and kurtosis = 0. Standard normal distribution is a special case of theoretical n.d. with 2 properties: 1)  = 0,  = 1; 2) area under the curve = 1, and integral of (-∞; z] can be interpreted as probability of finding values equal to or below Z.
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Normal distribution Properties of any theoretical normal distribution: 1) The curve never approaches horizontal axis. 2) Symmetrical around the mean. 3) Skewness = 0 and kurtosis = 0. Standard normal distribution is a special case of theoretical n.d. with 2 properties: 1)  = 0,  = 1; 2) area under the curve = 1, and integral of (-∞; z] can be interpreted as probability of finding values equal to or below Z.

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Normal distribution
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Normal distribution

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Where is NORMAL distribution?
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Where is NORMAL distribution?

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What do we know about STANDARD normal distribution? 1) The curve never approaches horizontal axis 2) Symmetrical around the mean 3) Skewness = 0 and kurtosis = 0 4) Mean = 0, SD = 1 5) Mean= mode= median =0
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What do we know about STANDARD normal distribution? 1) The curve never approaches horizontal axis 2) Symmetrical around the mean 3) Skewness = 0 and kurtosis = 0 4) Mean = 0, SD = 1 5) Mean= mode= median =0

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Why is it important to know what kind of distribution your variables have?
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Why is it important to know what kind of distribution your variables have?

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Descriptive statistics…
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Descriptive statistics…

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Are you tall?
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Are you tall?

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When you know so much about distributions, you can compute a height distribution in your group
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When you know so much about distributions, you can compute a height distribution in your group

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When you know Mean and SD, you can estimate whether you are tall or not
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When you know Mean and SD, you can estimate whether you are tall or not

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Is this result applicable in other groups? Are you tall in other groups? In HSE? In Russia? To answer this question we should use standard scores
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Is this result applicable in other groups? Are you tall in other groups? In HSE? In Russia? To answer this question we should use standard scores

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Standard scores (Z-scores)
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Standard scores (Z-scores)

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Standard normal table Shows you a PROBABILITY that all observed values in your sample are lower than Z
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Standard normal table Shows you a PROBABILITY that all observed values in your sample are lower than Z

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What is the probability to find people taller than you in… …Guatemala? Mean = 147.3 cm SD = 6.3 your Z = (your cm - 147.3)/ 6.3 Then look in Z-table
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What is the probability to find people taller than you in… …Guatemala? Mean = 147.3 cm SD = 6.3 your Z = (your cm - 147.3)/ 6.3 Then look in Z-table

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Getting your data: Sources and samples, слайд №22
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Sample size and standard error We know M and SD in your group And we know M and SD in Guatemala
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Sample size and standard error We know M and SD in your group And we know M and SD in Guatemala

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Getting your data: Sources and samples, слайд №24
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Why do bigger samples provide better estimation?
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Why do bigger samples provide better estimation?

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Sampling strategies Probability strategy
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Sampling strategies Probability strategy

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Exercise: Match the statement with the appropriate term
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Exercise: Match the statement with the appropriate term

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I want to study cultural differences…/ I want to study how culture influence… This is possible only with representative samples collected in few countries!!!! A non-representative or a sample from 1 country only cannot help you with this kind of RQ Open access data: European Social Survey http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/ World Values Survey http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvs.jsp European Values Survey http://www.europeanvaluesstudy.eu/
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I want to study cultural differences…/ I want to study how culture influence… This is possible only with representative samples collected in few countries!!!! A non-representative or a sample from 1 country only cannot help you with this kind of RQ Open access data: European Social Survey http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/ World Values Survey http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvs.jsp European Values Survey http://www.europeanvaluesstudy.eu/

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Recommended reading: Howitt & Cramer, 2011, p. 232-246 (Samples). Supplementary reading: Bakeman, 2000 (Chapter 7 in Reis & Judd, 2000) (Observation) Cramer, 2007 (in Robins, Fraley, Krueger, 2007) (Archival method) Diamond & Otter-Henderson, 2007 (in Robins, Fraley, Krueger, 2007) (Physiological measures) Fraley, 2007 (in Robins, Fraley, Krueger, 2007) (Internet studies) Wilkinson, Joffe, & Yardley, 2004 (Interviews and focus groups)
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Recommended reading: Howitt & Cramer, 2011, p. 232-246 (Samples). Supplementary reading: Bakeman, 2000 (Chapter 7 in Reis & Judd, 2000) (Observation) Cramer, 2007 (in Robins, Fraley, Krueger, 2007) (Archival method) Diamond & Otter-Henderson, 2007 (in Robins, Fraley, Krueger, 2007) (Physiological measures) Fraley, 2007 (in Robins, Fraley, Krueger, 2007) (Internet studies) Wilkinson, Joffe, & Yardley, 2004 (Interviews and focus groups)

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Why Standardize ... ? Example 2. Here are the students results (out of 60 points): 20, 15, 26, 32, 18, 28, 35, 14, 26, 22, 17 Most students didn't even get 30 out of 60, and most will fail. The test must have been really hard, so the Prof decides to Standardize all the scores and only fail people 1 standard deviation below the mean. How many students will fail? Answer: The Mean is 23, and the Standard Deviation is 6,6, and these are the Standard Scores: -0,45, -1,21, 0,45, 1,36, -0,76, 0,76, 1,82, -1,36, 0,45, -0,15, -0,91 Only 2 students will fail (the ones who scored 15 and 14 on the test)
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Why Standardize ... ? Example 2. Here are the students results (out of 60 points): 20, 15, 26, 32, 18, 28, 35, 14, 26, 22, 17 Most students didn't even get 30 out of 60, and most will fail. The test must have been really hard, so the Prof decides to Standardize all the scores and only fail people 1 standard deviation below the mean. How many students will fail? Answer: The Mean is 23, and the Standard Deviation is 6,6, and these are the Standard Scores: -0,45, -1,21, 0,45, 1,36, -0,76, 0,76, 1,82, -1,36, 0,45, -0,15, -0,91 Only 2 students will fail (the ones who scored 15 and 14 on the test)

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Next time Psychological measurement: Psychometrics and psychophysics
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Next time Psychological measurement: Psychometrics and psychophysics

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