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Learning Objectives for Section 4.6 The student will be able to formulate matrix equations. The student will be able to use matrix equations to solve linear systems. The student will be able to solve applications using matrix equations.

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Matrix Equations Let’s review one property of solving equations involving real numbers. Recall If ax = b then x = , or A similar property of matrices will be used to solve systems of linear equations. Many of the basic properties of matrices are similar to the properties of real numbers, with the exception that matrix multiplication is not commutative.

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Basic Properties of Matrices Assuming that all products and sums are defined for the indicated matrices A, B, C, I, and 0, we have Addition Properties Associative: (A + B) + C = A + (B+ C) Commutative: A + B = B + A Additive Identity: A + 0 = 0 + A = A Additive Inverse: A + (-A) = (-A) + A = 0

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Basic Properties of Matrices (continued) Multiplication Properties Associative Property: A(BC) = (AB)C Multiplicative identity: AI = IA = A Multiplicative inverse: If A is a square matrix and A-1 exists, then AA-1 = A-1A = I Combined Properties Left distributive: A(B + C) = AB + AC Right distributive: (B + C)A = BA + CA

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Basic Properties of Matrices (continued) Equality Addition: If A = B, then A + C = B + C Left multiplication: If A = B, then CA = CB Right multiplication: If A = B, then AC = BC

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Solving a Matrix Equation Reasons for each step: Given; since A is n x n, X must by n x p. Multiply on the left by A-1. Associative property of matrices Property of matrix inverses. Property of the identity matrix Solution. Note A-1 is on the left of B. The order cannot be reversed because matrix multiplication is not commutative.

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Example Example: Use matrix inverses to solve the system

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Example Example: Use matrix inverses to solve the system Solution: Write out the matrix of coefficients A, the matrix X containing the variables x, y, and z, and the column matrix B containing the numbers on the right hand side of the equal sign.

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Example (continued) Form the matrix equation AX = B. Multiply the 3 x 3 matrix A by the 3 x 1 matrix X to verify that this multiplication produces the 3 x 3 system at the bottom:

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Example (continued) If the matrix A-1 exists, then the solution is determined by multiplying A-1 by the matrix B. Since A-1 is 3 x 3 and B is 3 x 1, the resulting product will have dimensions 3 x 1 and will store the values of x, y and z. A-1 can be determined by the methods of a previous section or by using a computer or calculator. The resulting equation is shown at the right:

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Example Solution The product of A-1 and B is

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Another Example Example: Solve the system on the right using the inverse matrix method.

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Another Example Example: Solve the system on the right using the inverse matrix method. Solution: The coefficient matrix A is displayed at the right. The inverse of A does not exist. (We can determine this by using a calculator.) We cannot use the inverse matrix method. Whenever the inverse of a matrix does not exist, we say that the matrix is singular.

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Cases When Matrix Techniques Do Not Work There are two cases when inverse methods will not work: 1. If the coefficient matrix is singular 2. If the number of variables is not the same as the number of equations.

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Application Production scheduling: Labor and material costs for manufacturing two guitar models are given in the table below: Suppose that in a given week $1800 is used for labor and $1200 used for materials. How many of each model should be produced to use exactly each of these allocations?

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Solution Let x be the number of model A guitars to produce and y represent the number of model B guitars. Then, multiplying the labor costs for each guitar by the number of guitars produced, we have 30x + 40y = 1800 Since the material costs are $20 and $30 for models A and B respectively, we have 20x + 30y = 1200.