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THEORY OF PHONEMES Phonology ENTITY of THE PHONEME Content of THE PHONEME

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Difference? kit skill sack

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phonology Phonology is how speech sounds are organized and affect one another in pronunciation. Key terms: Phone Phoneme allophone This organization is explained in phonological rules

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Conceptuality

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Phoneme a PHONEME is the minimal distinctive (contrastive ) linguistic sound

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phoneme phoneme (from the Greek: φώνημα, phōnēma, "a sound uttered") is the smallest segmental unit of sound employed to form meaningful contrasts between utterances. (Wikipedia) Segment: "any discrete unit that can be identified, either physically or auditorily, in the stream of speech."

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Phoneme A unit of speech that can be used to differentiate words(e.g.“cat”/kaet/vs.“bat”/baet/). Phonemes identify minimal pairs in a language. The set of phonemes in a language subject to interpretation; most languages have 20 to 40 phonemes. The phoneme cannot therefore be acoustically defined. The phoneme is instead a feature of language structure.

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1. What sort of entity is the phoneme? Twaddell (1935) 1) phoneme is a physical reality “count for practical purposes as if they were one and the same.” JONES (1967: 258) 2) it is a psychological notion a mental or psychological reality the phoneme is a constant acoustic and auditory image (Sommerfelt); a thought sound (Beni); a sound idea (Trubetzkoy); a psychological equivalent of an empirical sound (UÓaszyn); In modern terms: phoneme is some sort of mental representation TWADDELL criticized this mental phenomenon

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2. what is the content of the phoneme What are phonemes made of? How are they represented? what position specific phoneme takes in the given phonemic system. Which phoneme is in the opposition to a specific phoneme Sapir (1925, 1933) Sapir’s “point in the pattern.” phoneme as a set of contrastively underspecified features underspecified, in the sense that it consists only of contrastive properties and other features are omitted This notion further corresponded to the theory of Distinctive feature ⇒ this underspecification theory has been proposed under generative phonology under the name Modified Contrastive Specification

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Continue… Prague School: Phonemic make-up or content phonemic make-up(Jakobson) phonemic content of the phoneme (Trubetzkoy)

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3. how does one identify phonemes Practical aspect of phoneme: phonemic analysis whether a sound is a single phoneme (/ts/,/nd/, or /oe/) a sequence of phonemes (/t-s/, /n-d/, or /s-j/). Minimal pair Differ in one phonological element (phone, phoneme, toneme or chroneme ) complementary distribution Contrastive distribution Free variation Mutation methods

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views of what the phoneme is Empiricist notion: Twaddell the phoneme is a collection of sounds (a fictitious unit ) Mentalist: Chomsky ( realistic view) the phoneme is the mental category that corresponds to a coherent set of sounds in a language American structuralist tradition: a phoneme is defined according to its allophones and environments generative tradition: a phoneme is defined as a set of distinctive features.

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BLOOMFIELD’s Phoneme “The smallest units which make a difference in meaning” “A minimum unit of distinctive sound feature” (p. 77). non-mentalistic unit He identifies “primary” (segmental sounds) and “secondary” (stress and tone) phonemes according to their function in language (primary: syllable forming; secondary: structuring larger units). Phonemes are defined by their participation in structural sets. (syllabic, open-syllable, closed syllable, non-syllabic, initial, medial, final, initial cluster, final cluster, etc.)

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Common Phonemic Rules Aspiration [h] Unreleased Stop [ ̚ ] Flap [ɾ] Dental Consonants [⊓] Velarization [ɫ] Voicelessness [˚] Vowel lengthening [׃] Vowel nasalization [~]

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Phonemic Awareness is a subset of phonological awareness in which listeners are able to hear, identify and manipulate phonemes, the smallest units of sound that can differentiate meaning. Phonemic Awareness is a subset of phonological awareness in which listeners are able to hear, identify and manipulate phonemes, the smallest units of sound that can differentiate meaning. Separating the spoken word "cat" into three distinct phonemes, /k/, /æ/, and /t/, requires phonemic awareness skill.

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Common Types of Phonemic Awareness Isolating Hear and isolate sounds in initial, medial or final positions in word (e.g. bat, ball, bell, pal) Segmenting Pronounce each phoneme in order as it occurs in word (bat >> b-a-t) Blending Combine phonemes to make a word (hear sh-ip and say ship) Manipulating Add or delete sounds in word to make new word (add a “t” to an” and say ant; replace the sound “d” in sad with a “t” and say sat)

Теги Phonemes Theory

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