🗊 Презентация Reasoning Strategies

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Reasoning Strategies, слайд №1 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №2 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №3 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №4 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №5 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №6 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №7 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №8 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №9 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №10 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №11 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №12 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №13 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №14 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №15 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №16 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №17 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №18 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №19 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №20 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №21 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №22 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №23 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №24 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №25 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №26 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №27 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №28 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №29 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №30 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №31 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №32 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №33 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №34 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №35 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №36 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №37 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №38 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №39 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №40 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №41 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №42 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №43 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №44 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №45 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №46 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №47 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №48 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №49 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №50 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №51 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №52 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №53 Reasoning Strategies, слайд №54
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Reasoning Strategies, слайд №1
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How do people make inferences? When researchers attempt to answer this question, the hypotheses entertained by them depend crucially on their...
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How do people make inferences? When researchers attempt to answer this question, the hypotheses entertained by them depend crucially on their assumptions about the nature of higher cognitive processes. Traditionally, it has been assumed that there exists a monolithic fundamental reasoning mechanism, a device called into play whenever triggered by appropriate material.

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The task of the researcher is therefore simply to identify its cognitive processes and specify them via a universal reasoning theory. Unfortunately,...
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The task of the researcher is therefore simply to identify its cognitive processes and specify them via a universal reasoning theory. Unfortunately, this is complicated by the fact that people are adept at applying varied methods, even for solving simple deduction problems. It is, therefore, necessary to determine whether the observed processes are genuinely fundamental, or have overlaid and obscured those that are more basic.

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Even with a broad definition, there are still important differences between “strategy” and “procedure/process”. The broad definition still entails...
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Even with a broad definition, there are still important differences between “strategy” and “procedure/process”. The broad definition still entails that a strategic set of procedures is optional and that it is self-contained. Furthermore, use of the term in this way emphasises a position of neutrality, at the very least, concerning whether fundamental processes exist, and their exact nature.

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The first two types of strategy are both generally applicable: They have been proposed for a wide range of reasoning tasks, and will give an accurate...
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The first two types of strategy are both generally applicable: They have been proposed for a wide range of reasoning tasks, and will give an accurate answer if executed correctly. They are domain-free: The processes operate identically on represented information irrespective of content and context. Their versatility goes hand in hand with a tendency for inefficiency: They can be demanding and error-prone to execute in many situations.

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The modal strategy is to attempt to trace the path, mentally if no external means of representation are available (a spatial strategy). A generally...
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The modal strategy is to attempt to trace the path, mentally if no external means of representation are available (a spatial strategy). A generally faster, more accurate and less stressful approach is to use cancellation: Opposite directions cancel, and those that remain constitute the correct answer.

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However, an understanding of this by itself is not enough: People can only select between strategies which are available to them. A full account of...
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However, an understanding of this by itself is not enough: People can only select between strategies which are available to them. A full account of strategy availability will almost certainly entail an understanding of strategy discovery: how do people identify new methods?

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Why model?
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Why model?

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If a person considers a strategy to be inappropriate for a given task, not because it is too difficult to apply, but because it is believed that it...
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If a person considers a strategy to be inappropriate for a given task, not because it is too difficult to apply, but because it is believed that it will generate incorrect answers for an unacceptably high proportion of trials, then that strategy will not be available for use unless further events cause a modification of this belief.

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