🗊Презентация Reasoning Strategies

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Reasoning Strategies, слайд №1Reasoning Strategies, слайд №2Reasoning Strategies, слайд №3Reasoning Strategies, слайд №4Reasoning Strategies, слайд №5Reasoning Strategies, слайд №6Reasoning Strategies, слайд №7Reasoning Strategies, слайд №8Reasoning Strategies, слайд №9Reasoning Strategies, слайд №10Reasoning Strategies, слайд №11Reasoning Strategies, слайд №12Reasoning Strategies, слайд №13Reasoning Strategies, слайд №14Reasoning Strategies, слайд №15Reasoning Strategies, слайд №16Reasoning Strategies, слайд №17Reasoning Strategies, слайд №18Reasoning Strategies, слайд №19Reasoning Strategies, слайд №20Reasoning Strategies, слайд №21Reasoning Strategies, слайд №22Reasoning Strategies, слайд №23Reasoning Strategies, слайд №24Reasoning Strategies, слайд №25Reasoning Strategies, слайд №26Reasoning Strategies, слайд №27Reasoning Strategies, слайд №28Reasoning Strategies, слайд №29Reasoning Strategies, слайд №30Reasoning Strategies, слайд №31Reasoning Strategies, слайд №32Reasoning Strategies, слайд №33Reasoning Strategies, слайд №34Reasoning Strategies, слайд №35Reasoning Strategies, слайд №36Reasoning Strategies, слайд №37Reasoning Strategies, слайд №38Reasoning Strategies, слайд №39Reasoning Strategies, слайд №40Reasoning Strategies, слайд №41Reasoning Strategies, слайд №42Reasoning Strategies, слайд №43Reasoning Strategies, слайд №44Reasoning Strategies, слайд №45Reasoning Strategies, слайд №46Reasoning Strategies, слайд №47Reasoning Strategies, слайд №48Reasoning Strategies, слайд №49Reasoning Strategies, слайд №50Reasoning Strategies, слайд №51Reasoning Strategies, слайд №52Reasoning Strategies, слайд №53Reasoning Strategies, слайд №54
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Reasoning Strategies, слайд №1
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How do people make inferences? When researchers attempt to answer this question, the hypotheses entertained by them depend crucially on their assumptions about the nature of higher cognitive processes. Traditionally, it has been assumed that there exists a monolithic fundamental reasoning mechanism, a device called into play whenever triggered by appropriate material.
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How do people make inferences? When researchers attempt to answer this question, the hypotheses entertained by them depend crucially on their assumptions about the nature of higher cognitive processes. Traditionally, it has been assumed that there exists a monolithic fundamental reasoning mechanism, a device called into play whenever triggered by appropriate material.

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The task of the researcher is therefore simply to identify its cognitive processes and specify them via a universal reasoning theory. Unfortunately, this is complicated by the fact that people are adept at applying varied methods, even for solving simple deduction problems. It is, therefore, necessary to determine whether the observed processes are genuinely fundamental, or have overlaid and obscured those that are more basic.
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The task of the researcher is therefore simply to identify its cognitive processes and specify them via a universal reasoning theory. Unfortunately, this is complicated by the fact that people are adept at applying varied methods, even for solving simple deduction problems. It is, therefore, necessary to determine whether the observed processes are genuinely fundamental, or have overlaid and obscured those that are more basic.

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Even with a broad definition, there are still important differences between “strategy” and “procedure/process”. The broad definition still entails that a strategic set of procedures is optional and that it is self-contained. Furthermore, use of the term in this way emphasises a position of neutrality, at the very least, concerning whether fundamental processes exist, and their exact nature.
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Even with a broad definition, there are still important differences between “strategy” and “procedure/process”. The broad definition still entails that a strategic set of procedures is optional and that it is self-contained. Furthermore, use of the term in this way emphasises a position of neutrality, at the very least, concerning whether fundamental processes exist, and their exact nature.

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The first two types of strategy are both generally applicable: They have been proposed for a wide range of reasoning tasks, and will give an accurate answer if executed correctly. They are domain-free: The processes operate identically on represented information irrespective of content and context. Their versatility goes hand in hand with a tendency for inefficiency: They can be demanding and error-prone to execute in many situations.
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The first two types of strategy are both generally applicable: They have been proposed for a wide range of reasoning tasks, and will give an accurate answer if executed correctly. They are domain-free: The processes operate identically on represented information irrespective of content and context. Their versatility goes hand in hand with a tendency for inefficiency: They can be demanding and error-prone to execute in many situations.

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The modal strategy is to attempt to trace the path, mentally if no external means of representation are available (a spatial strategy). A generally faster, more accurate and less stressful approach is to use cancellation: Opposite directions cancel, and those that remain constitute the correct answer.
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The modal strategy is to attempt to trace the path, mentally if no external means of representation are available (a spatial strategy). A generally faster, more accurate and less stressful approach is to use cancellation: Opposite directions cancel, and those that remain constitute the correct answer.

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However, an understanding of this by itself is not enough: People can only select between strategies which are available to them. A full account of strategy availability will almost certainly entail an understanding of strategy discovery: how do people identify new methods?
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However, an understanding of this by itself is not enough: People can only select between strategies which are available to them. A full account of strategy availability will almost certainly entail an understanding of strategy discovery: how do people identify new methods?

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Why model?
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Why model?

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If a person considers a strategy to be inappropriate for a given task, not because it is too difficult to apply, but because it is believed that it will generate incorrect answers for an unacceptably high proportion of trials, then that strategy will not be available for use unless further events cause a modification of this belief.
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If a person considers a strategy to be inappropriate for a given task, not because it is too difficult to apply, but because it is believed that it will generate incorrect answers for an unacceptably high proportion of trials, then that strategy will not be available for use unless further events cause a modification of this belief.

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